Reducing internal combustion engine emissions

In today's market with increasing emissions regulations aiming for a net zero future, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and manufacturers are under increasing pressure to reduce tailpipe emissions from Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) powertrains and show the durability of exhaust systems that are using catalytic converters, particularly with Euro 5+ due for motorcycles in 2024.

Oil is vital to engine performance for cooling and lubrication, however burning and leaking oil adds to emissions and consumption of carbon-based fluids. Understanding how design parameters affect oil consumption is key to reducing usage whilst maximising component life and durability. The priority of reducing oil consumption has never been greater as motorcycle manufacturers need to meet the Euro 5+ emission standards, as well as developing combustion engines for non-carbon fuels including hydrogen where oil will still be used as the lubricant.

The ultimate design challenge now becomes finding the balance between the fuel economy, machine performance and selection of the right exhaust aftertreatment components to reduce tailpipe emissions in line with new regulations.

In the early stages of development physical prototype modelling is expensive, requiring virtual simulation tools to answer many of the 'What ifs' before committing to a design path. These predictive tools can be used to minimise emissions arising from combustion and Lubricant Oil Consumption (LOC), and to optimise exhaust aftertreatment.

IGNITE 是一款基于物理的完整车辆系统模拟软件包，可分析尾气后处理系统设计核心的驾驶循环模型。其中包括预测不同控制策略对催化剂行为的影响、评估组件的热边界条件以及降低排放带来的燃油经济性损失。

RINGPAK 是一款先进的 2D 模拟软件包，它使用户能够使用稳态和瞬态模型预测和优化环组动力学、润滑、气体流动和油耗。摩托车为 RINGPAK 提供了特定的应用。与汽车不同，摩托车油不仅润滑发动机，还润滑变速箱和离合器。必须使用磷含量较高的摩托车油来确保变速箱的耐用性，否则，如果磷含量较高的摩托车油进入排气系统，会损坏催化剂并增加排放。因此，预测油耗对减少废气排放有直接影响。

WAVE 是一种一维计算流体动力学 (CFD) 工具，可解决控制可压缩气体流动的质量、动量和能量传递的 Navier-Stokes 方程，并包括燃烧和排放的子模型。